Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of the history of the confrontation of the Barguts in Manchuria in the context of historical events in China. On the territory of Barga, in northeastern China, the socio-political situation at the beginning of the 20th century was difficult, caused not only by internal political processes of sharing power (confrontation of ethnic groups, preservation of traditional types of nature management), the struggle for resources, but also by external influences for domination and dominance in northeast East Asia (Russia, China and Japan). Under these conditions, the governments of Russia, Japan and the Chinese authorities, taking into account emerging political and international situations, methodically defended their interests in the region. The most affected were the peoples of Barga, in particular, the Barguts, who most advocated sovereignty. The purpose of the article is a comprehensive study of the political situation and ethno cultural aspects to identify the features of the formation of the Bargut ethnic group in the period from 1900 to 1921. Materials and methods. The research methodology is based on comparative historical, historical-genetic, historical-dynamic, retrospective methods, and interviewing methods, which made it possible to most fully analyze the main stages and patterns of the history of the Bargut confrontation in Manchuria in the context of historical events in China, taking into account ethno political and religious aspects. Based on archival materials from the AVPRI, field research, and the achievements of modern domestic and foreign historiography, problematic and key issues regarding a specific ethnic group of the Barguts of northeast China in a certain historical period (1900–1921) are considered. Results. The identification of the ethnic history of the Barguts of northeastern China and the introduction of new archival materials made it possible to identify the features of the national liberation struggle for the sovereignty of the Bargut ethnic group and the search for ways to achieve goals.

Introduction. This scientific study examines the history of the organization of gold mining in a Russian company — the Joint Stock Company of Mining of the Tushetukhanovsky and Tsetsenkhanovsky aimags in Mongolia (“Mongolor”). The purpose of the research is to study the mechanism of delivery of Mongolian gold to the  Russian territory; identify and evaluate the role of the Russo-Chinese Bank and the Kyakhtinsky District Treasury in this process. Materials and methods. The study is based on the analysis of data from regulatory documents contained in the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire and previously unpublished cases from the funds of the State Archive of the Republic of Buryatia and the Russian State Historical Archive. In his research, the author used a number of general scientific and special historical methods. The main method used is historical-genetic, the use of which helped to identify the reasons according to which the Mongolor joint-stock company was created, as well as to reconstruct the mechanism of both gold production by this company and its further transit to Russia. The author's application of the theory of modernization made it possible to consider the financial policy pursued by the authorities of the Russian Empire as the main tool in the modernization of the state. Results. The flourishing of the economy of the Russian Empire in the 1890s was largely possible due to the well-thought-out financial policy pursued by the country's authorities. Thanks to the successfully implemented monetary reform, the author of which was Minister of Finance S.Yu. Witte, the Russian ruble has become one of the most stable world currencies. The strengthening of the ruble exchange rate and its free conversion provided the country with an influx of foreign investment, which contributed to the constant growth of its economy. In order to maintain the growth rate of the commercial and industrial sector of the empire, the power circles of the Russian Empire were constantly looking for opportunities to increase the gold reserves of the state. At the beginning of the 20th century, one of the sources of gold for Russia were mines in the northern regions of Mongolia. A company created under the control of the Russian government, the Joint-Stock Company of Mining of the Tushetukhanovsky and Tsetsenkhanovsky aimags in Mongolia (“Mongolor”), was able to quickly establish the extraction of the precious metal. The resulting gold was sent to Russia with the help of the Russo-Chinese Bank and the Kyakhtinsky District Treasury. Through joint efforts, employees of these financial organizations were able to establish a highly efficient mechanism for transporting Mongolian gold. Conclusions. The Joint-Stock Company for the Mining of the Tushetukhanovsky and Tsetsenkhanovsky aimags in Mongolia (“Mongolor”), created with the support of the Russo-Chinese Bank and foreign capital, is an example of a successful business project that not only helped to significantly replenish the gold reserves of the Russian Empire but contributed to the strengthening of Russian influence in Mongolia

Introduction. The most important task of the national policy of the Soviet state in the 1920s. There was an integration of ethnic minorities into the emerging socio-economic and cultural space. A unique situation developed in the Salsky district, where the Don Cossacks-Kalmyks, due to changed political conditions, lost their status as a leading social group, which led to their marginalization and required the development of new state policy approaches to involve them in the economic development of the region. The purpose of the article is to identify the features of ethno social relations in the Salsky district during the NEP period, to identify and analyze the key mechanisms of socio-political and economic integration of the Kalmyk population. The research was conducted on the basis of archival materials from the State Archive of the Russian Federation, as well as other archival documents and published sources. Results. The scale and nature of demographic changes in the Salsky district after the Civil War and during the NEP period were revealed. The changes in the role and place of Kalmyks in the economic structure of the district in comparison with German colonists and Russian peasants are shown. The features and specifics of the development of Kalmyk farms in the 1920s, their key problems and government support measures are highlighted. The main directions of national policy towards the Kalmyk population of the Salsky district in the field of economics, culture, education, and everyday life are analyzed. It is noted that despite the negative consequences of the Civil War, crop failures, and negative migration dynamics, the Don Kalmyks managed to preserve their ethno cultural identity. It was established that the key problem remained the land management of the Kalmyk population in conditions of land shortage, while maintaining the traditional pastoral nature of the economy for a significant part of the Kalmyks. It is proved that within the framework of its solution, a purposeful policy was pursued to popularize farming, develop cooperation, agricultural assistance, and concentrate the Kalmyk population in national village councils, which by the end of the 1920s were to become the main one for the formation of the Kalmyk National district. At the same time, within the framework of the indigenization policy, work was carried out to expand the network of schools, reading rooms, teacher training, and increase the level of literacy.

Introduction. This article examines the general state of agriculture in the Kalmyk Autonomous Region by the end of the 1920s (before the beginning of collectivization) in comparison with the corresponding indicators of previous periods. The study is based on the analysis of statistical data, documents and other sources that allow us to assess the level of agricultural development in this region during the specified period. The purpose of the study: to consider and analyze the state of agriculture in Kalmykia on the eve of continuous collectivization. The source base of the research is based on archival documents of the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia. Results. The article analyzes the state of agriculture in the Kalmyk Autonomous Region by the end of the 1920s in comparison with statistical data from various historical periods: on the eve of the First World War, during the Civil War and the NEP. The analysis showed that the agriculture of the Kalmyk Autonomous Region, which suffered significant damage during the Civil War and famine of 1921–1922, managed to recover in almost all directions during the years of the NEP, although it did not reach pre-revolutionary indicators.

Introduction. The period from 1957 to 1963 is an important period in the history of the city of Elista. In 1957 the autonomy of the Kalmyk people was restored, the statute of the capital city of the republic was returned to Elista, and the city itself received a powerful impetus for its further development. Since the city did not have its own resources for reconstruction, financial and other types of material assistance played the main role in this process from the state and population migrations organized by it. The great importance that population migrations had for Elista, the largest city in Kalmykia, makes it necessary to study this aspect in the past life of the city, which, moreover, was not specifically studied. The study aims to highlight the migration policy of the state during the years of the restoration of the republic and the most massive migrations in the history of the city, to show their impact on the development of the city. The article was prepared on the basis of documents of the state authorities of the Kalmyk ASSR, stored in the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia. The research was carried out based on historical-comparative and historical-genetic research methods. Results. In 1957–1963, there was a sharp surge in population migrations in Elista, caused by the restoration of Kalmykia as an administrative-territorial entity in 1957 and the granting of the city the legal status of its capital. The state allocated large funds for the restoration and further development of the socio-economic structure of the city, but there was a shortage of personnel and labor resources in general for the development of capital investments. To solve this problem, the authorities attracted Kalmyks returning from places of deportation to the city, conducted recruitment among workers from other subjects, invited military personnel demobilized by their army, and sent graduates of vocational schools to the city. As a result, the shortage of workers was largely overcome, which made it possible in 1964 to abandon new mass organized relocations to the city. Conclusions. The massive influx of population in 1957–1963 had a great impact on the demographic, social and national structure of the population. The population of Elista has increased dramatically, especially among young people, which has improved the demographic indicators of citizens, their social composition has changed, which has transformed into an urban one, the city has turned from a mono-national into a multi-national one.

Introduction. The article attempts to highlight the process of mass training in machine-building specialties of the rural population in the Kalmyk ASSR, which, due to the lack of agricultural machinery, resulted in a public movement for the creation of a tractor column "Komsomolets of Kalmykia". The purpose of the study, based on published and unpublished sources, is to highlight the role of the Komsomol in conducting mass training in machine-building specialties in the Kalmyk ASSR. Materials and methods The source base was the materials of the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia. The analysis of archival materials was carried out using such methods as periodization, which provided an opportunity to trace qualitative changes in the process of forming a social movement and an analysis of the main trends and contributions of participants in the movement for the creation of the Komsomolets Kalmykia tractor column. Results and conclusions. The article shows the situation in agriculture on the eve of the mechanized general education in the Kalmyk ASSR. Special attention is paid to the contribution of both direct participants in the movement and collective farms, state farms and districts to the fund of the Komsomolets Kalmykia tractor column. The author concludes that a significant increase in the number of agricultural machinery and the introduction of new models required comprehensive training in rural areas. During the period of the mechanization general education in Kalmykia, thousands of boys and girls in villages received mechanization specialties. Due to the shortage of new samples of agricultural machinery, Komsomol members proposed to create a fund for the Komsomolets Kalmykia tractor column. The result of the movement for the creation of a tractor column was the provision of the necessary machine and tractor fleet for educational enterprises. At the same time, throughout the 1970s, the problem of leakage of mechanized personnel persisted.

Introduction. The study is devoted to the development and implementation of comprehensive targeted programs “Health” that appeared in the regions of the country in the 1980s. Their emergence is associated with the time of cardinal changes in the spheres of social policy and health care in the USSR and RSFSR, as well as in the light of the implementation of the decisions of the XXVII Congress of the CPSU. The purpose of the article is to examine the structure and implementation of the complex program “Health” in the territory of the Kalmyk ASSR in the 1980s under the existing historical conditions. Materials and methods. The main source base for the study were the documents deposited in the funds R-9 of the Ministry of Health of the Kalmyk ASSR, R-90 of the State Planning Committee of the KASSR, R-309 of the Council of Ministers of the KASSR of the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia. The article used normative-legal acts, as well as periodicals that covered the issue of program measures in the field of health, published in the 1980s. The work was prepared using both general scientific and special methods of historical research: systematic, comparative, quantitative, retrospective, as well as the principles of objectivity, reliance on historical sources and historicism. Results. The social sphere came to the forefront of the country's policy due to the fact that in the 1980s there was a need to reform the health care system in the RSFSR and the USSR. The republican complex program “Health” was developed for the period 1986–1990 and its main tasks were to provide the population with high quality medical, preventive and medicinal assistance. Conclusions. The emerging “Health” programs were supposed to significantly improve the health care situation in the country. But the problems accumulated over decades in the economy, ecology and social sphere required a more qualitative and serious approach, which was not solved by the creation of formal complex programs. As the political situation in the Soviet Union began to become unstable, this program could no longer ensure the normal functioning of the deteriorating health care system. 

Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of the origin and spread of the ethnonym Boroγon (in Russian spelling — Borogon), reflected in the names of administrative territorial units of various taxonomic levels in the territory of Yakutia during the 17th–20th centuries (ulus, nasleg, rod). Goals. The study aims at examining the etymology of the term Boroγon, the territorial area where it was spread and the ways of its spread. Materials and methods. The data included in the paper based on the information from Russian-language documents of the 17th–18th centuries, summarized in the works of B.O. Dolgikh, S.A. Tokarev etc. Those sources, however, provide only fragmentary information about the bearers of Borogon identity. It is also proposed the etymology, supported by linguistic data presented in different lexical and etymological dictionaries and recent results of researches on the development of historical phonetics of the Mongolic and Turkic languages. Results. The phases of allocation of bearers of Borogon identity on the territory of Yakutia in the historical foreseeable period were traced in the paper and, consequently, the spread of area of existence of the name Borogon in different levels of identity that reflected in its use in the naming of administrative territorial units of various taxonomic levels (ulus, nasleg, rod). A hypothesis about the interpretation of the name in its original meaning in connection with the Written Mongolian word boruγa(n) ‘rain’, or, mostly, from the form *boroγan, *boraγan id has been argued. Conditions for the appearance of the ethnic name are discussed from a typological perspective, taking into account the lack of direct parallels among the tribal nomenclature of Mongolic and Turkic peoples. Conclusions. A specific historical example presented by a community bearing the name Borogon demonstrates close contacts between the Turkic and Mongolic populations in the territory of Siberia, and specifically within the Lena-Aldan region. It is assumed that the name Borogon among the Yakut population goes back to a word from the Mongolic environment, probably in the original form *boroγan, *boraγan with the literal meaning ‘rain’. Such version does not encounter obstacles from the point of view of the phonetical laws. At the same time, it is impossible to claim whether for some reason this was the accepted name of a historical group with an awareness of such meaning of the word, or whether the name goes back to the personal name of some authority person reflected in folklore as an eponym. According to formal phonetic characteristics, the form reflected in the Yakut pronunciation demonstrates the characteristics of the languages of the Middle Mongolic period. An indirect historical data indicates the time before the beginning of the 17th century as an upper chronological milestone of the appearance of the name. The example considered in the article once again demonstrates the fact of the participation of the Mongol-speaking population in the ethnogenesis of the Sakha (Yakuts).

Introduction. The memory of the great Mongol conqueror and his empire still remains the focus of attention of scientists, writers and statesmen and influences modern cultural and political processes. The purpose of this article is that the article provides brief information about the history of creation and the current state of the Ordos mausoleum in honor of Genghis Khan. It is believed that this memorial contains personal belongings and symbols of the power of the great Mongol conqueror. Materials and methods. When conducting the study, a complex of heterogeneous sources was used, represented by Internet publications, journal articles and statistical data related to the Ordos Mausoleum of Genghis Khan. Analytical tools, determined by a systematic approach to the object of study, include the method of retrospective analysis, comparative historical and historical typological methods and systems analysis. The combination of retrospective and problem-chronological methods with the principles of historicism and objectivity made it possible to consider events objectively and in the context of their relationships. Results. Based on current translated data from Chinese publications, an analytical description of the studied object and its tourism potential is presented. It was revealed that the creation of a tourist complex at the Mausoleum of Genghis Khan was initiated by the private development corporation Donglian in 2001. Conclusion. The Ordos Mausoleum of Genghis Khan and the tourist complex of the same name can be considered as one of the modern forms of the cult of veneration of Genghis Khan, as well as a striking example of the pragmatic implementation of the policy of memory on the part of the official Chinese authorities in relation to the great conqueror and the Mongol Empire as a whole. Thanks to a creative approach to the practical implementation of the course of reforms and openness in the field of culture of small peoples, the central and regional Chinese authorities were able to create a completely harmonious synthesis of Chinese and Mongolian cultural traditions, commercialize and synthesize the cultural and aesthetic-symbolic potential of the memory of the Mongol Empire and modern Chinese statehood represented by Genghis Khan and the memorial complex in his honor in Ordos, relying on regional public-private partnerships. Last but not the least, constructive cooperation between the regional historical community, private business and the party-state administration of the Ordos urban district has borne fruit.

Introduction. The article discusses the “Brief outline of the administrative structure of the Astrakhan Kalmyks” by Ivan Cherkasov. The author examines the problem of authorship of the work and the content of the essay, which reflects the main stages of Kalmyk history and the peculiarities of public administration according to the rules of administration of the Kalmyk people in 1825, 1834 and 1847. Results. The problem of authorship lies in the fact that in the catalogues of the state libraries of the Russian Federation, the author indicates Baron I. A. Cherkasov, who lived in the 18th century. However, an analysis of the text of the essay and references to sources and literature indicated in it suggest that the author was a contemporary of the 19th century. In this regard, the author, as it seems, is the Astrakhan historian of the 19th century — I. G. Cherkasov.The description of the main stages of Kalmyk history in the essay reflects the line of the official protective direction, when the actions of the Russian administration were supported, and the blame for the negative moments in Russian-Kalmyk relations was laid on the Kalmyks. At the same time, this source does not try to smooth out the sharp corners of Russian-Kalmyk relations, but shows the difficult way for Kalmyks to acquire Russian citizenship. Conclusions. Since the materials of the essay were originally published in the form of articles in the local Astrakhan Provincial Newspaper, it is assumed that they were censored and generally reflect the official interpretation of historical events. At the same time, individual events and versions of events indicated in the Short Essay are not accurate or controversial from the point of view of the subsequent development of historiography. Despite some inaccuracies, in some aspects of the description of Kalmyk history in the essay there are important, in our opinion, conclusions that need further research from the national historiography. Separate statements of the author of the essay in the study of the administrative management of the Astrakhan Kalmyks based on the rules of 1825, 1834 and 1847 also deserve analysis. In general, this essay really, as indicated in its title, seems to be an extract, part of a more extensive work — the handwritten history of the Astrakhan region.

Introduction. TThe article is devoted to the study of the poetic namthar — the biography of the Vth abbot of the Aginsky datsan Dechen Lhundupling Galsan-Zhimba Tuguldurov. The purpose of the study is analysis and introduction of this biography into scientific circulation. A previously unexplored manuscript of a Tibetan-language namthar from the collections of the Aginsky datsan was the object of the research. A copy of this manuscript “Seeds of the biography of the abbot of the monastery Dechen Lhundupling Choje Kelsang Jinpa Pelsangpo” (Tib. bde chen lhun grub gling gi khri pa chos rje skal bzang spyin pa dpal bzang po'i rnam thar gyi sa bon bzhugs) by unknown author was kindly given to us by the fund custodian D.V. Vakunin. The chronological scope of the source covers the period from 1817 to 1872. The relevance of this work is caused by the need of introducing this source into scientific circulation due to the fact that despite the significance of the personality of G.-Zh. Tuguldurov in the history of Buryat Buddhism, information about him and his works have not yet been fully researched. As a result of the study, new historical facts of the biography of G.-Zh. Tuguldurov were revealed; the names of his Mongolian teachers were established; a description of his contribution to the development of Buddhism in the Aginsky and Tsugolsky monasteries was given; the circumstances of G.-Zh Tuguldurov’s passing from life were described; founded was an unidentified earlier as his work a Sanskrit-Tibetan dictionary “Sanskrit-Tibetan dictionary with explanations compiled by Choje Tri-Rinpoche”. 

Introduction. The genre and thematic classification of religious writings in the Old Mongolian language largely repeats those in Tibetan literature. Among the Tibetan historical literature, researchers distinguish the genre of religious chronology (tib. bstan rtsis). They are both short and extensive works on the history of religion. The dates, names of figures, names of monasteries and writings contained in them are a valuable source on the history of Buddhism in India, Tibet and Mongolia. Among the Mongolian authors, one should name Sumba-hambo Ishbalzhir (1704–1788), the Ordos pandit Luvsanlhundeb (18th century), the Chahar Luvsantsultim (1740–1810), Lamyn-gegeen Luvsandanzanzhantsan (1639–1704), Galsan-Zhinba Dylgyrov (1816–1872) etc. Materials and methods. The article examines the printed text of G.-Zh. Dylgyrov named as “Briefly compiled chronology of the doctrine” and its handwritten copies stored at the Center for Oriental Manuscripts and Xylographs of the Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies of the Siberian Branch of RAS. This xylograph was printed in 1866 in the printing house of the Tsugolsky Datsan. Results. The biography and written heritage of Buryat lama is briefly overviewed. A source-based description of text is given, significant dates in the history of Buddhism in India, Tibet and Mongolia are considered. Three systems of dating events are identified. Conclusions. The considered lists allow to conclude that G.-Zh. Dylgyrov’s work “Briefly compiled chronology of the doctrine” was widely distributed and in demand, and once again handwritten copies of it emphasize the traditions of Buryat written culture. Writings of this type were important for dating events and describing Buddhist history. The selectivity of the dates and events cited should be noted, which emphasizes the importance of these events for the author's worldview and his perception of history.

Goals. This paper discusses strategies of expressing Stimuli in Buryat emotive causative constructions. Results. We argue that a series of such constructions can be seen as a system that allows the speaker to put different components of the Stimulus event into the focus of attention, depending on their informational relevance to the speaker. The component in focus of attention is represented as a main clause subject; it can be the Stimulus event as a whole (expressed by a subject clause or an action noun) or its first argument (an Agent, understood as a Causer); with a Causer as a subject, the central inanimate argument can be additionally expressed as an Instrument or the action itself as a Means (in both cases the instrumental case is used). The focus of attention on further arguments is not registered. As the study has shown, relevant for the analysis is the structure of  a potential full clause describing the Stimulus and characteristics of its components: an animate or inanimate noun as a subject, a verbal or nominal predicate, a transitive or intransitive verb. Materials. The research is based on the language data from dictionaries and Buryat literary texts, including those published in the Buryat National Corpus, as well as on elicitation data. In the analysis we used descriptive, comparative and transformational methods, introspection and elicitation. 

Introduction. The article examines the features of ideas about Genghis Khan, embodied in the folklore legends of the Mongolian peoples. It is noteworthy that the plots of oral traditions about Genghis Khan have almost nothing in common with information from written sources about the life of the founder of the Mongol Empire, such as “The Secret History of the Mongols” and other Mongolian, Turkic, Chinese and Persian chronicles known to us. It follows from this that folklore texts about the life and deeds of Genghis Khan are based on certain stable folklore-mythological structures, which in the oral tradition replaced the memory of his real biography. Goals and purposes of the study. The study makes an attempt to identify and classify the folklore and mythological structures underlying the folklore legends of the Mongolian peoples about Genghis Khan. Materials and methods. The research material is based on the texts of Mongolian, Buryat and Kalmyk folklore, recorded in the period from the 19th to the beginning of the 21st century. Comparative-typological and structural-semiotic methods of folkloristics are used as the main research methods. Results. Four main groups of legends about Genghis Khan have been identified, each of which corresponds to a specific plot-motivic structure and a set of mythological ideas: legends about the wonderful biography of Genghis Khan, about Genghis Khan as a cultural hero, toponymic and genealogical legends with the participation of Genghis Khan. Conclusions. It can be concluded that the memory of Genghis Khan in the folklore tradition of the Mongolian peoples was formed on the basis of traditional ideas about the first ancestors-demiurges — cultural heroes, which included the legendary ruler. Living in some “primordial time” and possessing a wonderful, atypical — as befits a mythological hero — biography, he masters, transforms and signifies the world around him, creates important cultural objects, performs actions that will later turn into customs and rituals, gives rise to modern ethnic groups and dynasties, in general — lays the foundations of the existing world order. Most of the real details of Genghis Khan's life were beyond the scope of these mythological ideas, and his folklore image and biography were composed mainly of a set of traits and motives traditionally attributed to heroes of this type.

Introduction. The article deals with traditional good wishes of Mongolian peoples (Buryat: yurol, ureel; Kalm.: yeral; Mong.: yerol; Xinjiang-Oirat.: yeral) as an admonition about the importance of good health to ensure a long, full, productive and happy human life. This theme belongs to the poorly studied problems, despite the fact that the motif of health permeates all genres of folklore of Mongolian peoples. The importance of the studied problem is obvious in the context of actualization of healthy lifestyle in modern conditions. The aim of the study is to determine the nature of the implementation of the motif “health” in well-wishes of Buryats, Kalmyks, Mongols and Xinjiang Oirats, to consider the basis of general formulas — wishes aimed at ensuring strong health to a person from the moment of his birth, at his speedy and painless socialization, at his ability to work and usefulness for the family, clan and state. Matherials and Methods. The study is based on the materials identified from oral sources during the expedition work and from publications containing the texts of traditional good wishes. When analyzing the national texts of well-wishes, a combination of elements of different methods (comparative-historical, comparative-typological, elements of pragmatic analysis, etc.) is used, which are important for studying the nature of representation of health wishes in the folklore tradition of related peoples (Buryats, Kalmyks, Mongols and Xinjiang Oirats) separated in time and space. Results. In the process of comparative study of the national texts of well-wishes it was established that the wish for health is the most widespread and stable form of greeting, which accompanies human life from the very moment of birth. The nomads’ idea of a healthy person is equated with the notions of: “strong”, “full-fledged”, “full member of society”, “normal person”, “happy person”, “prosperous person” “long-lived person”, “useful person”, “steadfast”, “reliable”. Manifestation of these health criteria are characterized by constancy in many well-wishes, which is confirmed by textual coincidences of poetic formulas.