Olot, Tӧlӧs, Züün-gar: Some Remarks on the History and Correlation of the Ethnonyms

Introduction. Issues of ethnonymy seem directly connected with those of ethnic history, and some insights into the former — given that historical messages be scarce and even contradictory — may be instrumental in reconstructing paths of Oirat ethnic and political geneses. Goals. The article attempts a correlation between the ethnonyms Olot, Tӧlӧs and Züün-gar (Dzungar), and articulates their potential etymologies in Oirat-related discourse for a deeper understanding of the Oirat phenomenon as such. Materials and methods. The work employs an interdisciplinary approach to examine data of historiography, population genetics, ethnography and onomastics for certain conclusions and hypotheses. Results. Since the Tsoros genetically prove a ‘younger’ branch of the Dorbet acting as recent ‘superstructure’ of military and administrative elites, the paper suggests the components Olot / Eleuth and Züün-gar may be correlated to some third group within the Mongol ethnogonic myth  (as part of the “Chinos-Maral” dicho­tomy) with ‘deer’ reminiscences in terms of ethnography and ethnonymy. As for groups historically tied to the Oirat, the required combination of specified aspects — ethnonym (T-/D-)ӧӧlӧd and deer-related totemic vestiges — have been found in the Kyrgyz and the Buryat in their subdivisions referred to as Bugu, Bagysh (Sary Bagysh), Dӧӧlӧs (Tӧӧlӧs) proper — and Segenut, respectively. Further insights into the Dӧӧlӧs-deer parallels with additions of ethnographic messages on Altaian Turks make it possible to hypothesize that the ethnonym Burut/Burat be derived from bura ~ buγra with a reconstructed meaning ‘deer; moose’. Historically, the Choros-Dzungar prove connected with the name Olot and the Tӧӧlӧs rather in the field of politics, and the rivalry between ‘Oirat Kyrgyz’ Ugechi Khashiga and Choros Baγatud Batula supported by their groups can thus be viewed as internal Oirat struggle for hegemony that ended in the Olot exodus. Meanwhile, on the basis of legends recorded among the Kyrgyz Dӧӧlӧs and Tӧӧlӧs the paper suggests the Olot elites may have been returned to the Oirat pool. As for the form “züün-gar”, it is supposed to be a Mongolian calque for the Tukic tolis, i.e. the term that denoted eastern parts of Early and Upper Medieval Turkic military and political alliances. Conclusions. The attempted correlation between the three specified ethnonyms articulates (including with genetic data) a number of conclusions on the potential fate of the Olot mentioned in Kalmyk chronicles; reveals some supposed links between present-day Oirats (Kalmyks), Kyrgyzes and Buryats in terms of ethnic and political geneses; sets forth an etymology of the ethnonym Burut (Burat) with reference to ethnographic messages on Altaian Turks; hypothesizes as to the tribal identity of the ‘Oirat Kyrgyz’ Ugechi Khashiga.

1. Chumakayev A. E., Ekeev N. V. et al. (eds.) Altaian-Russian Dictionary. Gorno-Altaysk: [s. n.], 2018. 936 p. (In Alt. and Russ.)

2. Nadelyaev V. M., Nasilov D. M., Tenishev E. R., Shcherbak A. M. (eds.) Dictionary of Old Turkic. Leningrad: Nauka, 1969. XXXVIII+678 p. (In Turk. and Russ.)

3. Yudakhin K. K. (comp.) Kyrgyz-Russian Dictionary. Ca. 40,000 word entries. Moscow: Sovetskaya E'ntciklopediya, 1965. 973 p. (In Kyrg. and Russ.)

4. Muniev B. D. (ed.) Kalmyk-Russian Dictionary. 26 000 word entries. Moscow: Russkij Yazy'k, 1977. 765 p. (In Kalm. and Russ.)

5. Sanzheev G. D., Orlovskaya M. N. Shever­nina Z. V. Etymological Dictionary of Mongolic Languages. In 3 vols. Vol. 2: G–P. G. D. Sanzheev et al. (eds.). Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies (RAS), 2016. 232 p. (In Mong., Russ., etc.)

6. Sanzheev G. D., Orlovskaya M. N., Shevernina Z. V. Etymological Dictionary of Mongolic Languages. In 3 vols. Vol. 3: Q–Z. G. Sanzheev et al. (eds.). Moscow: Institute of Oriental Studies (RAS), 2018. 240 p. (In Mong., Russ., etc.)

7. Liao Shi. History of Liao. Chinese Notes. Available at: https://chinesenotes.com/liaoshi.html (accessed: 30 July 2025). (In Chin.)

8. C-F1067. On: YFull.com. Available at: https://www.yfull.com/tree/C-F1067 / (accessed: 29 July 2025). (In Eng.)

9. C-F6193 (SK1066). On: YFull.com. Available at: https://www.yfull.com/tree/C-F6193 / (accessed: 29 July 2025). (In Eng.)

10. Abdumanapov R. A. Origins of the Dӧӧlӧs: A Perspective from the Kyrgyz-Altai Ethnogenetic Ties. In: Moldokasymov K. et al. (eds.) Altai Civilization, Altaic Languages and Groups. Forum Proceedings (Bishkek, 20–22 July 2017). Bishkek: Turar, 2017. Pp. 27–37. (In Russ.)

11. Abdumanapov R. A., Sabitov Zh. M. Ilchikdai Ulus in the Empire of Amir Timur. Oriental Studies. 2024. Vol. 17. Is. 3. Pp. 464–475. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.22162/2619-0990-2024-73-3-464-475

12. Abdykalykov A. O. On the Term Burut. Sovetskaya Etnografiya. 1963. No. 1. Pp. 123–127. (In Russ.)

13. Abramzon S. M. Ethnic Composition of the Kyrgyz Inhabiting North Kyrgyzstan. In: Proceedings of the Kyrgyzstan Archaeological and Ethnographic Expedition. Vol. 4. Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences, 1960. Pp. 3–138. (In Russ.)

14. Abramzon S. M. Glimpses of Kyrgyz Ethnic History. In: Turkological Collection 1966. Moscow: Nauka — GRVL, 1966. Pp. 165–167. (In Russ.)

15. Abramzon S. M. The Kyrgyz, their Ethnogenetic, Historical and Cultural Ties. Frunze: Kyrgyzstan, 1990. 480 p. (In Russ.)

16. Avlyaev G. O. Origins of the Kalmyk People. 2 ed., rev. & suppl. Elista: Kalmykia Book Publ., 2002. 325 p. (In Russ.)

17. Akimushkin O. F. Author Information. In: Shah-Mahmud Churas. Chronicles. O. Akimushkin (transl., comment., etc.). 2nd ed. St. Petersburg: Peterburgskoe Lingvisticheskoe Obshhestvo, 2010. Pp. 17–52. (In Russ.)

18. Alekseeva P. E., Bormanshinov A. E. Revisiting the Ethnic Composition of the Don Kalmyks. Elista: Dzhangar, 1999. 40 p. (In Russ.)

19. Ekeev N. V. et al. (eds.) The Altaian: Ethnic History, Traditional Culture, Contemporary Development. Gorno-Altaysk: [s. n.], 2014. 464 p. (In Russ.)

20. Luvsandanzan. Altan Tobchi (The Golden Summary). N. Shastina (transl., foreword, etc.). Moscow: Nauka, GRVL, 1973. 440 p. (In Mong. And Russ.)

21. Aristov N. A. The Wusun and the Kyrgyz or Qara Kyrgyz: Essays on the History and Household Life of Communities across the Western Tian Shan, and Studies in its Historical Geography. Bishkek: Ilim, 2001. 582 p. (In Russ.)

22. Attokurov S. Genealogies of the Kyrgyz. Bishkek: Kyrgyzstan, 1995. 214 p. (In Kyrg.)

23. Bakaeva E. P. Sacred Codes of Kalmyk Culture. Elista: IKIAT, 2009. 159 p. (In Russ.)

24. Balanovska E. V., Gorin I. O., Ponomarev G. Yu., Pylev V. Yu., Petrushenko V. S., Markina N. V., Mamaeva A. D., Larin A. K., Agdzhoyan A. T. Footprints of Interaction among Finniс-speaking, Slavic, and Turkic Speaking Populations in Modern Gene Pool and their Reflection in Pharmacogenetics. Bulletin of RSMU. 2022. No. 2. Pp. 20–29. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.24075/vrgmu.2022.019

25. Banzarov D. Collected Writings. Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences, 1955. 373,  [1] p. (In Russ.)

26. Batbold B. G. The Forgotten Pugu Ayimag. Ulaanbaatar: Khunan Print, 2017. 244 p. (In Mong.)

27. Bayaliyeva T. D. Pre-Islamic Beliefs and their Vestiges among the Kyrgyz. Frunze: Ilim, 1972. 170 p. (In Russ.)

28. Beishenaliyev T. O. The Burut — Kirghizes of the Wild Rocks? In: Written Monuments and Problems of Cultural History of the Orient. Session proceedings. Part 1. Moscow: Nauka, GRVL, 1990. Pp. 139–143. (In Russ.)

29. Bichurin (Hyacinth). A Historical Review of the Oirat or Kalmyk: from the Fifteenth Century to the Present. St. Petersburg: Tip. Medicz. Dep-ta Min-va Vnutr. Del, 1854. 255, [13] p. (In Russ.)

30. Bobrov L. A. Dzungar — the Last Nomadic Empire. In: Bazarov B. V., Kradin N. N. (eds.) Nomadic Empires of Eurasia: Features of Historical Dynamics. Moscow: Nauka, Vostochnaya Literatura, 2019. Pp. 364–398. (In Russ.)

31. Bolkhosoev S. B., Bolkhosoeva E. B. Problems of the Former Homeland and Ethnic Roots of the Buryat Group of Segenuts. Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. Geoarchaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology Series. 2023. Vol. 44. Pp. 99–119. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.26516/2227-2380.2023.44.99

32. Butanaev V. Ya., Abdykalykov A. Khakassia, 17th – Early 19th Centuries: Historical Materials. Abakan: Khakassia, 1995. 250, [7] p. (In Russ.)

33. Butanaev V. Ya., Khudyakov Yu. S. History of the Yenisei Kyrgyz. Abakan: Khakass State University, 2000. 224, [47] p. (In Russ.)

34. Viktorova L. L. The Mongols: Origins of Ethnos and Beginnings of Culture. D. Tikhonov (ed.). Moscow: Nauka, GRVL, 1980. 224 p. (In Russ.)

35. Vinnikov Ya. R. The Kyrgyz of South Kyrgyzstan: Their Clans, Tribes and Whereabouts. In: Proceedings of the Kyrgyzstan Archaeological and Ethnographic Expedition. Vol. 1. Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences, 1956. Pp. 136–181. (In Russ.)

36. Vladimirtsov B. Ya. History and Ethnography of Mongolic Peoples: Writings. V. Alpatov et al. (eds.), G. Slesarchuk (comp.). Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, 2002. 557 p. (In Russ.)

37. Grum-Grshimailo G. E. Western Mongolia and Uriankhai Krai. Vol. 2: A Historical Essay on These Regions in Relation to Central Asian History. Leningrad: Main Botanical Garden, 1926. 896 p. (In Russ.)

38. Deeva A. E. The Image of Altai in the Tribal and Ethnic Consciousness of Altaians. In: Field Research in Altai, Irtysh Region and Upper Ob region (Archaeology, Ethnography, Oral History). 2017. Vol. 13. Conference Proceedings (Gorno-Altaysk, 24–27 April 2018). Gorno-Altaysk: Gorno-Altaysk State University, 2018. Pp. 214–216. (In Russ.)

39. Dzhagrunov S. V. Dörbän, Oirat, Sog-po: On Bӧrtä-Čïno, Qo’aï-Maral, and beginnings of the Oirat Unity (In light of data on R2a-M124 Y-STR Haplotypes of Kalmyks). Oriental Studies. 2023. Vol. 16. Is. 6. Pp. 1550–1561. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.22162/2619-0990-2023-70-6-1550-1561

40. Dzhagrunov S. V. Tsoros, Choros, Bagatud: Barga Bator and Oirats. Mongolian Stu­dies (Elista). 2025. Vol. 17. Is. 1. Pp. 130–153. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.22162/2500-1523-2025-1-130-153

41. Dzhagrunov S. V., Buluktaev A. A., Namysov B. S., Matsakova D. I., Sa­yanov V. T., Adyanova A. B. Chonos, Taichiud, Khashikhanar: In Search of a Common Denominator (with Evidence from R2a-M124 Y-STR Haplotypes of Kalmyks). Oriental Studies. 2023. Vol. 16. Is. 4. Pp. 826–846. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.22162/2619-0990-2023-68-4-826-846

42. Dzhagrunov S. V., Buluktaev A. A. Tsoros, Choros, Baɣatud: Discussing Origins of the Tsoros (With Evidence from C2-F1067 Y-STR Haplotypes of Kalmyks). Part 1: The Dorbet. Oriental Studies. 2024. Vol. 17. Is. 4. Pp. 835–848. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.22162/2619-0990-2024-74-4-835-848

43. Dzhagrunov S. V., Buluktaev A. A. Tsoros, Choros, Baɣatud: Discussing Origins of the Tsoros (with Evidence from C2-F1067 Y-STR Haplotypes of Kalmyks). Part 2: The Torghut, Dzungar, Buzav. Oriental Studies. 2024. Vol. 17. Is.  5. Pp. 1076–1095. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.22162/2619-0990-2024-75-5-1076-1095

44. Dzhamgerchinov B. D. Russia’s Incorporation of Kyrgyzstan. M. Vyatkin (foreword). Moscow: Socze`kgiz, 1959. 435 p. (In Russ.)

45. Dugarov D. S. Historical Roots of White Shamanism: a Study of Buryat Ritual Folklore. Moscow: Nauka, 1991. 300 p. (In Russ.)

46. Dyrenkova N. P. Semantics of the Term bura ~ puγra among Altaian Turks: In Relation to the Horse/Deer Cult. In: Dyrenkova N. P. Turks of the Sayan-Altai. Articles and Ethnographic Materials (Kunstkamera — Archives 6). St. Petersburg: Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (RAS), 2012. Pp. 200–229. (In Russ.)

47. Ye Longli. Records of the Khitan State (Qidan Guo Zhi). V. Taskin (transl., foreword, etc.). Moscow: Nauka, 1979. 607 p. (In Russ.)

48. Evstigneev Yu. A. The History and Chronological Transformation of the Meaning of the Term “Kipchak” . The Problems of Oriental Studies. 2012. No. 1(55). Pp. 7–29. (In Russ.)

49. Ekeev N. V. The Altaian: Problems of Ethnic History. Study and Materials. Gorno-Altaysk: Gorno-Altayskaya Tipografiya, 2011. 232 p. (In Russ.)

50. The Yellow History (Sira Tuγuji). A. Tsendina (transl., foreword, etc.). Moscow: Nauka, Vostochnaya Literatura, 2017. 406 p. (In Russ.)

51. Zholdoshov R. Zh. Tribal Relations of the Kyrgyz and Altai Peoples According to Ethnological Data. Historical Ethnology. Vol. 8. No. 3. Pp. 327–340. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.22378/he.2023-8-3.327-340

52. Zoriktuev B. R. Etymology of the Old Mongolian Words börte and qoai. Buryat State University Bulletin. Pedagogy. Philology. Philosophy. 2010. No. 8. Pp.  36–139. (In Russ.)

53. Zuev Yu. A. Burut-Kyrgyzes: More on Totemism and Principles of Ethnonym Formation. Sovetskaya Etnografiya. 1970. No. 4. Pp. 74–86. (In Russ.)

54. History of the Iron Empire (Liáo Shǐ). V. Larichev (ed.). Novosibirsk: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography (SB RAS), 2007. 355 p. (In Russ.)

55. Kamalov A. K. Ancient Uighurs, 8th–9th Centuries CE. Almaty: Nash Mir, 2001. 216 p. (In Russ.)

56. Kozin S. A. The Secret History of the Mongols: a Mongolian Chronicle of 1240 Titled “Monggolun niguča tobčiyan. Yuan chao bi shi”. Vol. 1: Research Introduction, Translation, Texts, Glossaries. A. Barannikov (ed.), N. Poppe (foreword). Moscow, Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences, 1941. 619 p. (In Russ. and Mong.)

57. Konovalov P. B., Tsibikdorzhiev D. V. Historical Bargudzhin-Tocum as the Indigenous Homeland of the Buryat People. Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. Geoarchaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology Series. 2017. Vol. 19. Pp. 129‒150. (In Russ.) 

58. Ksenofontov G. V. Uraangkhay-Sakhalar: Essays in Ancient Yakut History. Vol. 1. Book 2. Yakutsk: National Publ. House of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), 1992. 315 p. (In Russ.)

59. Kukeev D. G. On Khoshut and Torgut Alliance with the Oirat Union. Pis’mennye Pamiatniki Vostoka. 2008. No. 2(9). Pp. 231–236. (In Russ.)

60. Kychanov E. I. Nomadic States: from the Xiongnu to the Manchu. Moscow: Vos­tochnaya Literatura, 1997. 316 (2) p. (In Russ.)

61. Badmaev A. V. (comp., ed.) The Moonlight: Kalmyk Historical and Literary Texts. Elista: Kalmykia Book Publ., 2003. 477 p. (In Russ.)

62. Taskin V. S. (comp.) Ancient Nomadic Tribes of the Donghu: Historical Materials. V. S. Taskin (foreword, transl., etc.). Moscow: Nauka, 1984. 486 p. (In Russ.)

63. Nanzatov B. Z. To the Issue of the Early Ethnic History of Bargu-Buryat Community. Oriental Studies. 2016. Vol. 9. Is. 1. Pp. 99–106. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.22162/2075-7794-2016-23-1-99-106

64. Nanzatov B. Z. Descendants of Eleudei: the Problem of Oirat-Buryat Ethnic Contacts. Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia. 2020. Vol. 48. No. 4. Pp. 116–124. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.17746/1563-0110.2020.48.4.116-124

65. Nanzatov B. Z., Tishin V. V. Ethnonym *Togeles in the History of the Mongolic and Turkic Peoples. Orientalistica. 2025. Vol. 2. No. 2. Pp. 181–197. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.31696/2618-7043-2025-8-2-181-197

66. Nominkhanov Ts.-D. Kalmyk Language Research Materials. Moscow: Nauka, 1975. 325, 2 p. (In Russ.)

67. Ochir A. Ethnonyms of Mongols: Insights into Genesis and Ethnic Composition of Mongolic Peoples. Elista: Kalmyk Institute for Humanities (RAS), 2016. 286 p. (In Russ.)

68. Petrov K. I. The Kyrgyz: More on Their Relocation to the Tian Shan and Relations with the Oirat, 13th-15th Centuries. Frunze: Academy of Sciences of the Kirghiz SSR, 1961. 212 p. (In Russ.)

69. Petrov K. I. The Kyrgyz: An Essay on Origins and Ethnogenesis. Frunze: Academy of Sciences of the Kirghiz SSR, 1963. 148 p. (In Russ.)

70. Sanchirov V. P. (comp., etc.) 17th- and 18th-Century Written Sources on Oirat History. Elista: Kalmyk Institute for Humanities (RAS), 2016. 270 p. (In Oir. and Russ.)

71. Pozdneev A. M. (comp., ed.) Folk Literature of Mongols: Collected Samples. Vol. 1: Folk Songs with Comments on their Essentials and Versification Techniques. St. Petersburg: Academy of Sciences, 1880. [4], VI, 347 p. (In Russ. and Mong.)

72. Potapov L. P. Reminiscences of Totemic Beliefs among the Altaian (Turks). Sovetskaya Etnografiya. 1935. No. 4–5. Pp. 134–152. (In Russ.)

73. Potapov L. P. Ethnonim Tele and the Altaian. In: Turkological Collection 1966. Moscow: Nauka, GRVL, 1966. Pp. 233–240. (In Russ.)

74. Potapov L. P. The Altaian Telӧs: an Ethnic Perspective. In: N. Tomilov. (ed.) Siberian Turks: Issues of Origins and Ethnic History. Collected Articles. Tomsk: Tomsk State University, 1987. Pp. 53–71. (In Russ.)

75. Radnaev V. E. Mongolian Linguistics in Early-to-Mid 19th Russia: Issues of Legacy. Vol. 1. Pt. 1. Ulan-Ude: Buryat Scientific Center (SB RAS), 2012. 392 p. (In Russ.)

76. Rashid al-Din. Compendium of Chronicles. Vol. 1. Book 1. L. Khetagurov (transl.), A. Semenov (ed., comm.), S. Tolstov (ed.). Moscow, Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences, 1952. 221 p. (In Russ.)

77. Rashid al-Din. Compendium of Chronicles. Vol. 1. Book 2. O. Smirnova (transl., comm.), B. Pankratov (comm.), A. Semenova (ed.). Moscow, Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences, 1952. 316 p. (In Russ.)

78. Rashid al-Din. Compendium of Chronicles. Vol. 2. Yu. Verkhovsky (transl., comm.); B. Pankratov (comm.); I. Petrushevsky, I. Orbeli (eds.). Moscow, Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences, 1960. 248 p. (In Russ.)

79. Sanchirov V. P. Iletkhel Shastir as a Source on Oirat History. Moscow: Nauka, GRVL, 1990. 137 p. (In Russ.)

80. Selyutina I. Ya. Phonetic Aspects of the Turkic-Mongolian Language Contacts. Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology. 2020. Vol. 19. No. 9: Philology. Pp. 31–42. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-9-31-42

81. Tepkeev V. T. Kalmyks in the North Caspian, 1630s–1670s: Problems of Political Relations. Elista: Dzhangar, 2014. 448 p. (In Russ.)

82. Umetbayev T. Sh. Turkic Ethnopolitical Communities in the Dzhungar Khanate, 17th-18th Centuries. Cand. Sc. (History) thesis abstract. Tomsk, 2009. 27 p. (In Russ.)

83. Tsyuryumov A. V. More on Ethnic Structure of Torghut Uluses in the 1770s. In: Problems of Mongol Ethnogenesis and Ethnic Culture. Collected Scholarly Papers. Elista: Kalmyk State University, 2007. Pp. 62–67. (In Russ.)

84. Sira Tuγuji: A Seventeenth-Century Mongolian Chronicle. N. Shastina (transl., foreword, etc.). Moscow, Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences, 1957. 198 (1) p. (In Mong. and Russ.)

85. Shastina N. P. Narrative of an Argument between an Orphan Boy and Genghis Khan’s Nine Heroes. In: Countries and Peoples of the East. Vol. 11: Countries and Peoples of Central, East and Southeast Asia. Geography, Ethnography, History. Moscow: Nauka, GRVL, 1971. Pp. 127–139. (In Russ.)

86. Sagang Sechen. Erdeniin Tobchi. M. Bayarsaikhan (translit., comm.), A. Tsanjid (ed.). Ulaanbaatar: Soyombo, 2006. 366 p. (In Mong.)

87. Atwood Ch. P. Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File, 2004. 678 p. (In Eng.)

88. Cleaves F. W. (ed.) Yüan-chʻao pi-shih. The Secret History of the Mongols. F. W. Cleaves (transl.). Cambridge, London: Harvard University Press, 1982. LXV, 277 p. (In Eng.)

89. Cooke Johnson L. Women of the Conquest Dynasties: Gender and Identity in Liao and Jin China. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2011. XXXIII, 254 p. (In Eng.)

90. Geschichte der Ost-Mongolen und ihres Fürstenhauses, Verfasst von Ssanang Ssetsen Chungtaidschi der Ordus: aus dem Mongolischen übersetzt, und mit dem Originaltext, nebst Anmerkungen, Erläuterungen und Citaten aus andern unedirten Originalwerken herausgegeben von Issac Jacob Schmidt: auf Allerhöchsten Befehl. St. Petersburg: N.  Gretsch; Leipzig: C. Cnobloch, 1829. XXIV, 509 p. (In Germ.)

91. Hope M. “The pillars of state:” Some Notes on the Qarachu begs and the kešikten in the Īl-Khānate (1256–1335). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 2017. Vol. 27. No. 2. Pp. 181–199. (In Eng.)

92. Mote F. W. Imperial China, 900–1800. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press, 2000. XIX, 1106 p. (In Eng.)

93. Serruys H. Istoriya Džungarskoko Xanstva (History of the Džungar Empire) by I. Y. Zlatkin. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 1965. Vol. 85. No. 2. Pp. 224–227. (In Eng.)