Preview

Mongolian Studies

Advanced search

Peculiarities of 19th-Century Written Kalmyk: A Case Study of I. J. Schmidt’s Kalmyk-Language Letters, 1800‒1810

https://doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2020-4-652-659

Abstract

Introduction. The article examines some phonetic and morphological features of the Kalmyk language traced in written monuments published by the famous Mongolists John Krueger and Robert Service in the ‘Kalmyk Old-Manuscript Documents of Isaac Jacob Schmidt’ (2002). The book presents facsimiles, transcriptions and translations of epistolary documents into English, which cover the period from 1800 to 1810. Most of the letters — 54 out of 80 — reflect correspondence with the Baga Dorbet Princes Tundutovs, including 18 from Erdeni Taisha, 27 from Tsebek, and 9 more from Jamba Taisha. These written monuments are kept in the archives of the Moravian Brothers Community in Herrnhut (Unitas Fratrum, Eng. ‘United Brothers’) in folder R.15.R.IIa No. 5. Goals. The paper aims at investigating some phonetic and morphological features of the then Kalmyk language discovered in the published letters. Results. The language of I. H. Schmidt’s letters reflects the stage in the development of the Kalmyk language in the late 18th – early 19th centuries characterized by a natural convergence of the phonetic and grammatical norms inherent to the written literary language and living folk speech. The materials of the texts show that the beginning of the 19th century witnessed a process of transition of the combinations -ou and -öü into the long vowels [u:] and [ü:], respectively. It is also noted that in words where the diphthong -iu is historically (traditionally) used, e.g., in the word alčiur — in letters it is transmitted as alčuur, which meets the requirements of live pronunciation. In the language of letters of I. J. Schmidt, when it comes to construct the imperative form of the 2nd person plural, several cases of using the colloquial formant -tan are recorded, instead of the traditional indicator -qtün / -qtun. The past participle, which is historically formed with -qsan / -qsen affixes, also approaches colloquial forms, therefore, there are frequent cases of using -san / -sen forms, which are closer to modern Kalmyk (e.g., xara torγon irsen bolxuna ‘if the black silk arrives’). Linguistic processes associated with the reduction of short vowels of non-first syllables of a word, reduction of morphological formants, etc., are reflected to a greater or lesser extent in the text of the studied monument. Conclusions. Thus, the language of I. Ya. Schmidt’s letters reflects the stage of development of the Kalmyk language at the end of the 18th – beginning of the 19th centuries characterized by a natural convergence of phonetic and grammatical norms of the written literary language and living folk speech.

About the Author

Evgeny V. Bembeev
Gorodovikov Kalmyk State University (11, Pushkin St., Elista 358000, Russian Federation)
Russian Federation

Сand. Sc. (Philology), Associate Professor



References

1. Alekseeva P. E. About People and Time. Elista: Kalmyk Humanities Research Institute (RAS), 2010. 176 p. (In Russ.)

2. Bobrovnikov A. Grammar of Kalmyk Mongolian. Kazan: Imperial Kazan University, 1849. 400 p. (In Russ.)

3. Gedeeva D. B. Letters of the Kalmyk Viceroy Ubashi: 18th Century. Elista: Kalmyk Humanities Research Institute (RAS), 2004. 194 p. (In Russ.)

4. Kokshaeva N. O. Epistolary Heritage of the Kalmyk Khan Donduk-Dashi, Mid-18th Century: A Case Study of Language Features. Elista: Gerel, 2011. 189 p. (In Russ.)

5. Kotwicz W. L. A Study of Altaic Languages. Moscow: Publishing House of Oriental Literature, 1962. 371 p. (In Russ.)

6. Krueger J. R., Service R. G. Kalmyk Old-Script Documents of Isaak Jacob Schmidt 1800–1810: Todo Biciq Texts, Transcription, Translation from the Moravian Archives at Herrnhut. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2002. 215 p. (In Eng.)

7. Maksimov K. N., Ochirova N. G. (eds.) History of Kalmykia: From Earliest Times to the Present Days. In 3 vols. Vol. 1. Elista: Gerel, 2009. 848 p. (In Russ.)

8. Pavlov D. A. Kalmyk Literary Language: Issues of History and Structure. 2nd ed. Elista: Kalmyk State University, 2000. 285 p. (In Russ.)

9. Sanzheev G. D. Comparative Grammar of the Mongolic Languages. Vol. I. Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences, 1953. 240 p. (In Russ.)

10. Sanzheev G. D. Comparative Grammar of the Mongolic Languages: Verb. Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, 1963. 266 p. (In Russ.)

11. Suseeva D. A. Letters of Khan Ayuka and His Contemporaries, 1714–1724: A Sociolinguistic Study. Elista: Dzhangar, 2003. 456 p. (In Russ.)

12. The Tale of How Ven. Baaza Bakshi of the Baga Dorbet Undertook a Pilgrimage to the Land of Tibet. A. Pozdneev (transl., comment.). St. Petersburg: Imperial St. Petersburg University, 1897. 260 p. (In Kalm. and Russ.)

13. Vladimirtsov B. Ya. Classical Mongolian and Khalkha Dialect: A Comparative Grammar. Introduction and Phonetics. Leningrad: Nauka, 1989. 433 p. (In Russ.)

14. Yakhontova N. S. The Oirat Dictionary of Poetic Expressions. Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, 2010. 615 p. (In Oir. and Russ.)


Review

For citations:


Bembeev E.V. Peculiarities of 19th-Century Written Kalmyk: A Case Study of I. J. Schmidt’s Kalmyk-Language Letters, 1800‒1810. Mongolian Studies. 2020;12(4):652-659. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2020-4-652-659

Views: 552


ISSN 2500-1523 (Print)
ISSN 2712-8059 (Online)