Armenian-Mongolian Relations Based on Epigraphic Monuments of the Eastern Provinces of Armenia

Abstract. Introduction. In the early 13th century, the eastern provinces of Armenia were divided into small principalities that were politically subordinate to the Zakarids. However, with the onset of the Mongol invasions, the situation changed significantly not only in Armenia but throughout the entire region. The aim of this article is to analyze the epigraphic inscriptions preserved in the eastern provinces of Armenia in order to highlight the following key aspects: the fundamental transformations that occurred in the socio-political life of eastern Armenia following the Mongol conquests; the specific nature of the relationships between Armenian princely houses and the official representatives of the Mongol Empire; and particular aspects of the activities of Mongol khans, governors, and other officials operating in the region in direct contact with Armenian nobility. Materials and methods. The primary sources for this research include predominantly epigraphic inscriptions dating to the 13th century, originating from the eastern provinces of Armenia, as well as the accounts of Armenian historians of the same period. The study was carried out using special historical methods, primarily historical comparative analysis. A critical approach was applied to the sources, involving comparison, clarification, and interpretation of various facts. Results. Epigraphic inscriptions from the 13th century and contemporary Armenian historical narratives confirm that from 1220 to the 1270s, the Mongols conquered the territories of states existing in Georgia, Caucasian Albania, Armenia, Iran, Mesopotamia, and across vast areas of Asia Minor. The princes of eastern Armenia—particularly those of Lower and Upper Khachen — acknowledged the Mongol Empire's supremacy, recognizing the futility of resistance and seeking to preserve their domains from total destruction. Through collaboration with the Mongols, they managed to maintain their authority. Armenian princes not only paid tribute but also took part in military campaigns organized by the Mongols. The materials introduced into academic circulation in this article are valuable primary sources that hold significance for both Armenian and international scholars. Their examination allows for a deeper understanding of the history of Armenian-Mongol relations in the 13th century.

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