The Influence of the Migration of the Governor’s Subjects from Kalmyk Khanate to China on the Kalmyk Settlements of Orenburg Province in 1771
https://doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2024-3-461-477
Abstract
Introduction. The article deals with the problem of the influence of the migration of Kalmyks from Russia to China on the Kalmyk population of Orenburg province in 1771, which is not affected in historiography. The sources for the study were the materials of the fund No. 3 “Orenburg Provincial Chancellery” of the United State Archive of the Orenburg region. Along with the documents containing the orders of the Orenburg governor I.A. Reinsdorp and various reports addressed to him, they contain the testimony of Kalmyks who were interrogated in the office of the Yaik Cossack army. Most archival documents are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The restoration of the outline of the events under consideration through the use of archival materials required the use of special methods of historical research: critical analysis of historical sources, historical continuity, as well as historical-comparative and historical-legal methods that allow tracing common and distinct features in the legal situation of Kalmyk villagers in Orenburg province. Results. Kalmyks-Cossacks of the Yaik army turned out to be directly involved in the process of Kalmyk migration. They were related to the subjects of the governor of the Kalmyk Khanate by kinship and confessional ties. Under the influence of agitation, coercion, or out of fear of parting with their family, some of the Yaik Kalmyks joined the migration provoked by the Kalmyk nobility. However, among the Yaik Kalmyks there were those who not only did not want to leave Russia, but also helped to pursue the fugitives. The efforts of the Russian administration to limit contacts between Orenburg and Stavropol baptized Kalmyks did not allow them to be involved in the migration flow. Moreover, the Stavropol Kalmyk army was replenished by a group of Kalmyks who refused to escape and expressed a desire to become Orthodox Christians.
About the Author
Stepan V. Dzhundzhuzov
Orenburg State Pedagogical University (19, Sovetskaya St., 460014 Orenburg, Russian Federation).
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Dr.Sc. (History), Professor
References
1. National Archive of the Republic of Tatarstan.
2. United State Archive of Orenburg Region.
3. Belikov T. I. Kalmyks in the Struggle for the Independence of our Motherland. Elista: Kalmizdat, 1965. 179 p. (In Russ.)
4. Belikov T. I. Participation of the Kalmyks in the Peasant War under the Leadership of E. I. Pugachev (1773–1775). Elista: Kalmykia Book Publ., 1971. 168 p. (In Russ.)
5. Boldyreva O. N. Kalmyk Khanate in the Eastern Policy of Russia from the Beginning of the 18th Century to 1771. Science and Modernity. 2016. No. 1 (7). Pp. 256–269. (In Russ.)
6. Chimitdorjiev S. B. On Migrations of the Oirats (Kalmyks) in the 17th–18th Centuries. «Torgout Escape» of 1771. In: Studies on the History and Culture of Mongolia: Collection of Scientific Researches. Sh. Chimitdorjiev (ed.). Novosibirsk: Nauka, Siberian Branch, 1989. Pp. 50–67. (In Russ.)
7. Dzhundzhuzov S. V. Confessional Organization of Orenburg Kalmyks Lamaists at the Beginning of the 20th Century. In: Eurasian Necklace. Almanac of the Public Historical Institute of the Peoples of Orenburg Region named after Musa Jalil. No. 4. Orenburg: Orenburg State Pedagogical University, 2004. Pp. 99–124. (In Russ.)
8. Dzhundzhuzov S. V. Kalmyks in the Middle Volga Region and the Southern Urals: Imperial Mechanisms of Acculturation and the Problem of Preserving Ethnic Identity (mid-30s of the 18th – first quarter of the 20th century). Orenburg: Orenburg State Agrarian University, 2014. 434 p. (In Russ.)
9. Dzhundzhuzov S. V. Legal Regulation of the Appointment of Priests to Buddhist Communities of the Ural Cossack Army in the Middle and Second Half of the 19th Century. Izvestia of Samara Scientific Center of the RAS. 2016. No. 3. Pp. 46–50. (In Russ.)
10. Dorzhieva E. V. The Migration of Most of the Kalmyks from Russia to Dzungaria in 1771. Diss. Cand. Sc. (History): Volgograd, 1999. 309 p. (In Russ.)
11. Kolesnik V. I. The Last Great Nomadism: the Kalmyks’ Transition from Central Asia to Eastern Europe and Back in the 17th and 18th Centuries. Author’s Abstract. Diss. Cand. Sc. (History). Volgograd, 2003. 53 p. (In Russ.)
12. Kurapov A. A. The Russian State and the Buddhist Church in the South of Russia: Stages of the Evolution of Socio-Political Interaction in the 17th – early 20th Century. A. Tsyuryumov (ed.). Astrakhan: Publisher: Roman V. Sorokin, 2018. 464 p. (In Russ.)
13. Levshin A. I. Description of the Kirghiz-Kaysak or Kirghiz-Cossack Hordes and Steppes. 4.2. Istoricheskie Izvestiya. St. Petersburg: Printing house of Karl Kraj, 1832. 332 p. (In Russ.)
14. Mavrodin V. V. The Peasant War in Russia in 1773–1775. Vol. 1. Leningrad: Publishing House of Leningrad State University, 1961. 588 p. (In Russ.)
15. Popov N. A. V. N. Tatishchev and His Time. An Episode from the History of State, Public and Private Life in Russia, the First Half of the Last Century. Moscow: Printing House of V. Grachev and Co., 1861. 804 p. (In Russ.)
16. Tepkeev V. T., Kabuldinov Z. E. Kalmyk-Kazakh Relations during the 1771 Russia-to-China Migration of Kalmyks. Oriental Studies. 2023. Vol. 16. No. 4. Pp. 756–768. (In Russ.). DOI: 10.22162/2619-0990-2023-68-4-756-768
17. The History of Kalmykia from Ancient Times to the Present Day. In 3 vol. Vol. 1. Elista: Gerel, 2009. 845 p. (In Russ.)
18. Shovunov K. P. Kalmyks as Part of the Russian Cossacks (the Second Half of the 17th–19th Centuries). Elista: Kalmyk Institute of Social Sciences of the RAS, 1992. 320 p. (In Russ.)
Review
For citations:
Dzhundzhuzov S.V. The Influence of the Migration of the Governor’s Subjects from Kalmyk Khanate to China on the Kalmyk Settlements of Orenburg Province in 1771. Mongolian Studies. 2024;16(3):461-477. https://doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2024-3-461-477
Views:
178
Email this article 