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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mongol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Монголоведение</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Mongolian Studies</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2500-1523</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2712-8059</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Калмыцкий научный центр Российской академии наук</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22162/2500-1523-2020-3-349-369</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mongol-528</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HISTORY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Реформы современного ойрат-калмыцкого языка и литературы в XX веке</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Reforms of the Modern Oirat-Kalmyk Language and  Literature in the 20th century</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рекель</surname><given-names>Йоганнес</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Reckel</surname><given-names>Johannes</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гетингер Зибен 1, Гетинген, Германия, 37073Ph.D. (Philology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>1, Platz der Göttinger Sieben, 37073 Göttingen, GermanyPh. D. (Philology)</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">reckel@sub.uni-goettingen.de</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Геттингенский университет им. Георга-Августа</institution><country>Германия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Georg-August-Universität Göttingen</institution><country>Germany</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>11</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title>Монголоведение</issue-title><fpage>349</fpage><lpage>369</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Рекель Й., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Рекель Й.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Reckel J.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://mongoloved.kigiran.com/jour/article/view/528">https://mongoloved.kigiran.com/jour/article/view/528</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. Ойраты — западные монголы, потомки которых ныне проживают в Монголии, КНР, России, Кыргызстане. В 1648 г. Зая-пандита из ойрат­ского племени хошуд создал «ясное письмо» (ойр. todo bičiq), сегодня также известное как ойратское письмо, которое предполагалось использовать как преобразованную письменность для всех монголов, но оно прижилось только у западных монголов. ХХ век стал свидетелем введения новых стандартов письменности для ойратских по происхождению групп в Китае и Монголии и родственных им калмыков в СССР (России). Тремя самыми влиятельными калмыцкими учеными, которые работали над реформой письменного языка и были учителями и исследователями в Ташкенте, Синьцзяне и Западной Монголии в 1920-х и 1930-х гг., были Аксен Сусеев, Иджил Чурюм и Церен-Дорджи Номинханов. Цель. Целью данного исследования является изучение связей между этнической идентичностью и письменным языком в условиях глобальных политических потрясений. Особое внимание уделяется изменениям в ойратском письменном языке в мультиэтничном регионе в Синьцзяне в сравнении с калмыцким письменным языком в России, а также с ойратским языком в Монголии в течение последних 100 лет. Материалы. В данном исследовании анализируются школьные учебники, словари, грамматики и другие печатные материалы XX–XXI вв. на западно-монгольской ойратской письменности, собранные в Синьцзяне с 1986 г. Результаты. С 1940-х гг. ойраты в Синьцзяне продолжили развивать реформы письменного языка, изначально инициированные в Калмыкии калмыцкими учеными с 1915 до 1938 гг., но они так и не были продолжены с 1943 г. из-за политических условий, результатом которых стала депортация калмыков в Сибирь. После возвращения калмыков в Калмыкию с 1957–1958 гг. старые традиции были утрачены и развитие письменного языка заключалось исключительно в использовании усовершенствованного алфавита кириллицы. Общество, которое основывалось на общей письменности калмыков и ойратов в Китае, России (Калмыкии) и Западной Монголии, развалилось, после чего эти языковые группы пошли каждая своим путем. Например, орфография и грамматика ойратского письменного языка в исправленном тодо бичиг в Синьцзяне еще не стандартизованы до настоящего времени. Ойра­ты в Монголии, так же как и ойраты в Кыргызстане, больше не имеют своего письменного языка, на котором они могли бы выразить себя письменно. Еще один пробел — это учебник современного калмыцкого и современного синьцзян-ойратского языка для западных студентов и ученых, хотя в некоторых институтах и у некоторых ученых сохранились архивы на ойратском языке. Так, например, в Геттингенской государственной университетской библиотеке хранится хорошая коллекция калмыцко-ойратской и монгольской литературы. Тем не менее, остается много вопросов, которые необходимо решить.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. The Oirats are Western Mongols, today living between the Altai mountains, the river Volga, the Kukunor Area, the Ili River and Kyrgyzstan. In 1648, Zaya Pandita from the Hoshut (Hoshud) tribe of the Oirats created the ‘Clear Script’ (Oir. Todo Bičig), nowadays also known as Oirat Script. This script was originally meant to be used as a reformed script by all Mongols, but it caught on with the Western Mongols, the Dzungars (Oirats, Kalmyks), only. The 20th century witnessed the introduction of new writing standards for individual groups of Oirats/Kalmyks in the Soviet Union (Russia), China and Mongolia, which led to a weakening of the West Mongolian identity. Three of the most influential Kalmyk scholars, who worked on the reform of the written language and who were active as teachers and researchers in Tashkent, Sinkiang and Western Mongolia in the 1920s and 1930s, were Aksen Suseev, Iǰil Čürüm and Ceren Dorži Nominhanov. Goals. The study aims to investigate the connection between ethnic identity and (written) language against the background of global political upheavals. The work focuses on the change of the Oirat written language in Sinkiang (Xinjiang) in a multi-ethnic region compared to the Kalmyk written language in Russia, as well as the Oirat language in Mongolia over the past 100 years. Materials. The research project, given as an outline in the following article, analyzes schoolbooks, dictionaries, grammars and other printed materials of the 20th and 21st centuries in the West Mongolian Oirat script collected in Sinkiang Kalmykia since 1986. Results. Since the 1940s, the Oirats in Sinkiang have been taking up a development in their reformed written language that was originally initiated in Kalmykia by Kalmyk scholars during the period of 1915–1938, but was not carried on there due to the political conditions which resulted in the deportation of the Kalmyks to Siberia in 1943. After the return of the Kalmyks to Kalmykia since 1957/58 the old traditions were broken, and the development of the written language focused solely on the use of a modified Cyrillic alphabet. The community based on a common script of the Kalmyks and Oirats – in China, Russia (Kalmykia) and Western Mongolia – broke up, and the three or four groups went their separate ways. For example, the orthography and grammar of the Oirat written language in reformed Todo Bičig in Sinkiang is not standardized until today. The Oirats in Mongolia, like the Oirats in Kyrgyzstan, no longer have their own written language in which they can express themselves in writing. Another desideratum is a textbook of modern Kalmyk and modern Sinkiang Oirat for Western students and scholars. Although some institutions and scholars have some Oirat language archives, like the State and University Library Goettingen has good collection of Kalmyk-Oirat and Mongolian literature, there are a lot of aspects to deal with.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ойрат</kwd><kwd>калмык</kwd><kwd>Синьцзян</kwd><kwd>Калмыкия</kwd><kwd>реформа</kwd><kwd>язык</kwd><kwd>ясное письмо</kwd><kwd>кириллица</kwd><kwd>Н. Очиров</kwd><kwd>Ц. Номинханов</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Oirat</kwd><kwd>Kalmyk</kwd><kwd>Xinjiang</kwd><kwd>Kalmykia</kwd><kwd>reform</kwd><kwd>language</kwd><kwd>Clear Script</kwd><kwd>Cyrillic</kwd><kwd>N. Ochirov</kwd><kwd>Ts. Nominkhanov</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Материалы статьи апробированы на Международной научной онлайн-конференции «Монголоведение в начале XXI в.: современное состояние и перспективы развития‒II», проведенной при финансовой поддержке РФФИ (проект № 20-09-22004) и частичной поддержке гранта Правительства РФ (№ 075-15-2019-1879).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The article was presented at the international scientific online conference “Mongolian Studies at the beginning of the 21st century: Current State and Development Prospects – II”, held with the financial support of RFBR (project № 20-09-22004) and partial support of the Russian Government Grant (№ 075-15-2019-1879).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arai Yukiyasu 2006 — Arai Yukiyasu. 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